Hugo Syllabus

AP Human Geography

Course Syllabus 2018/2019

Course Description:

AP Human Geography course of study gives students an introduction to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding. This is completed through the use, alteration and adaptions of & to the earth’s surface. Student’s employ spatial concepts and landscape analysis to examine human organizations and institutions. The course will provide students with a body of knowledge and understanding of the interconnections of places and regions in a globalizing world. The overall course goal is to provide students who are interested in international relations, history, social studies, business & marketing and the medical fields with a practical and challenging, academic and empowering opportunity.

Course Objectives:

To use and think about maps and spatial data.
To understand and interpret implications of associations among phenomena in places.
To recognize and interpret at different scales the relationship among patterns and processes.
To define regions and evaluate the regionalization process.
To give students practical experience in communicating understandings of various geographic issues.
To understand the human experience, in moving toward a sense of community is truly a long, complex, messy process.
To develop critical thinking skills through using systematic, analytical decision making skills in discussing and solving problems.

Method of Presentation of material:

The primary mode of presentation is interactive Socratic dialogue. Students are expected to research/read and actively participate in the development of concepts. Students are expected to demonstrate an ability to analyze concepts through the application of maps, models and technological supports to specific geographic data.

Goals– Reading, thinking, speaking, and writing = success in college and in a career. We will work progressively to master these four skills. Daily growth requires us to record your efforts and evaluate you on your efforts to improve in the 4 goal areas

Classwork is worth the same as any other evaluation tools. However classwork will be a total of 40% of the grades you receive for the year. This demands that you use the time you are given to prepare for discussions with great vigor. YOU SHALL BECOME AN INDEPENDENT LEARNER!!

Textbook:

. The Cultural Landscape-An Introduction to Human Geography/AP edition– Rubinstein

Supplementary Materials: any Human Geo text edition may be purchased

Human GeographyPlaces and Regions in the Global Context Human Geography Knox, Paul L. and Marston, Sallie A
An Introduction to Human Geography– Rubinstein
Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activity, Fellmann, Getis, Getis
National Geographic
Journal of Geography

Technology Aids\Web site-

Syllabus-special paper & other ‘how to’ necessities
E-book –Access to AP Text (code required)
Maps 101 [Mondays]
VOCAB/Quizlet[Tuesdays]
Models [Wednesdays]
Albert[Thursdays]
ARMY assessments or concept evaluation=team projects[Fridays]
Google Classroom

Evaluations/Assessments:

TIME TOTASK/TIME ON TASK/INTENSITY TIME=AP Rigor=formative assessment daily
CLASSWORK=Research/Reading/VOCAB-use Special paper-hard copy or electronic
Discussion-Socratic method employed-Thinking(on your feet)- use of specific examples to back your points during discussions-goal is to improve public speaking
Concept Evaluations- small Group problem solving- using the concept of the day-spatial analysis-SUBMITTED ON Rubrics [Fridays]
Army Assessments–large Group problem solving- using the concept of the day-spatial analysis[Fridays]
Case Studies– Student will develop geographic concepts based on content material and make applications to real life situations. Students will participate in multiple class period case studies. All work must reflect understanding of major geographic unit being studied & VOCAB application. Students will receive class time to work on their case study. Case Studies will be infused into appropriate course outline topics[bullet points].
Map[Monday] & Model[Wednesday] drawing and analysis, interpretations and applications
Field Experience Research –R & D CASE-Nov.
SG 1(student growth) writing –October
SG mid writing –January
SG 3 writing –March
FINAL CASE –June

Absent from class-follow the syllabus topic for the day-check website –SUBMIT IN GOOGLE CLASSROOM or submit to me during directed study

NO final marking period grades will be rounded up/This will ensure you maintain performance level for entire semester
- CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM WILL NOT BE TOLERATED. ANY STUDENT CAUGHT WILL RECEIVE an F FOR THAT SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT

Student-Teacher CONFERENCES

Please do not hesitate to contact me for assistance. I am available to assist you in any way that I can to help you be successful in your academic endeavors. Please make an appointment if you would like to meet with me.

Rubric point system for all evaluations (including classwork)

Letter Grade	4pts.	5pts.	6pts.	7pts.	8pts.	9pts.	12pts
A	4	5	6	7	8	9	12
A-		4	5	6	7	8	11
B+							10
B	3	3	4	5	6	7	9
B-			3	4	5	6	8
C+					4	5	7
C	2	2	2	3	3	4	6
C-				2	2	3	5
D+						2	4
D	1	1	1	1	1	1	3
F	0	0	0	0	0	0	2-0

INITIATIVE

Cultivate the ability to make Decisions and Think Alone.

Do not be afraid of failure but Learn from it.

John Wooden.

Course Topical Outline:

Days 1& 2{Aug.23 & 24}-Course Introduction

Course syllabus-class routines
Intro to course of study/. I.Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives {Aug 27-Sep-14}

Explain major geographical concepts underlying the geographic perspective. ~Geographical concepts include location, place, scale, space, pattern, nature and society, regionalization, and globalization.
Explain the variety of uses of landscape analysis to examine the human organization of space. ~Landscape analysis (e.g., field observations, photographic interpretations) provides a context for understanding the location of people, places, regions, and events;

Evaluate spatial thinking to analyze the human organization of space ~People apply spatial concepts to interpret and understand ~population and migration; ~cultural patterns and processes; ~political organization of space; ~agriculture, food production, and rural land use; ~Industrialization and economic development; ~Cities and urban land use.
Analyze and interpret maps. ~Maps are used to represent and identify spatial patterns and ~Types of maps include reference maps (e.g., physical and political maps) and thematic maps (e.g.,choropleth, dot, graduated symbol, isoline, cartogram). ~All map projections (e.g.,Mercator, polar) inevitably distort spatial relationships (e.g., shape,area, distance, direction).

Evaluate concepts such as space, place, and region to examine geographic issues. ~Geographical issues include problems related to human–environmental interactions (e.g.,sustainable agriculture); conflict and cooperation among countries(e.g., European Union); and planning and public-policy decision making (e.g., pronatalist policies).
Interpret patterns and processes at different scales. ~Patterns and processes at different scales reveal variations in and different interpretations of data (e.g., age–sex pyramids, population density).

Define region as a concept, identify world regions, and understand regionalization processes. ~Regions are defined on the basis of one or more unifying characteristics (e.g., corn belt) or on patterns of activity (e.g., hinterlands of ports). ~Types of regions include formal, functional, and perceptual.
Evaluate why World regions may overlap (e.g., Southeast Asia and Asia) and often have transitional boundaries (e.g., North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa). ~Regional thinking is applied at local, national, and global scales. ~Regionalism refers to a group’s perceived identification with a particular region at any scale (e.g., Quebec).
Analyze changing interconnections among places. ~Interconnections among places include exchanges of natural resources, agricultural commodities, finished products, services, people, information, money, and pollutants.
Analyze Geospatial technologies include geographic information systems (GIS), satellite navigation systems (e.g., global positioning system), remote sensing, and online mapping and visualization. ~Geospatial data (e.g., census data, satellite imagery) is used at all scales for personal (e.g. navigation), business (e.g., marketing), and governmental (e.g.environmental planning) purposes.

SG B writing ______________

CASE STUDY_____________

II.Population and Migration

1.Population Analysis/Demographics {Sept.17-Sept.28}

Analyze the distribution of human populations at different scales. ~Factors that explain patterns of population distribution vary according to the scale of analysis (i.e., local to global). ~Physical factors (e.g., climate, land forms, water bodies) and human factors (e.g., cultural, economic, historical, political) influence the distribution of population. ~Use population density to explain the relationship between people and the environment. ~The three methods for calculating population density are arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural
Explain the implications of population distributions and densities ~Population distribution and density influence political, economic, and social processes(e.g., redistricting, provision of services such as medical care). ~Population distribution and density impact the environment and natural resources (e.g., carrying capacity). ~Population distribution and density affect the need for infrastructure (e.g., housing) and urban services (e.g., sanitation).
Analyze population composition. ~Age, sex, and ethnicity are elements of population composition that may be mapped and graphed at various scales. ~Population pyramids are used to project population growth and decline and to predict markets
Explain contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline. ~Demographic factors that determine population growth and decline are fertility, mortality, and migration. ~Rates of natural increase and population-doubling times are used to explain population growth and decline. ~Social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates
Interpret and apply theories of population growth and decline. ~The demographic transition model may be used to explain population change over time and space. ~Malthusian theory is used to analyze population change and its consequences. ~The epidemiologic transition explains causes of changing death rates.

CASE STUDY _______________

2. Migrations {Oct.1- 12}

Evaluate various national and international population policies. ~Types of population policies include those that promote or restrict population growth (e.g.,pronatalist, antinatalist).
Analyze reasons for changes in fertility rates in different parts of the world. ~Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world. ~Changing social, economic, and political roles for women have influenced the patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration.
Explain the causes and implications of an aging population. ~Population aging is influenced by birth and death rates and life expectancy. ~An aging population has social (e.g., retirement), economic (e.g., dependency ratio), and political (e.g., voting patterns) implications.
Explain how push and pull factors contribute to migration. ~Push and pull factors can be cultural (e.g., religious freedom),demographic (e.g., unbalanced sex ratios, overpopulation), economic (e.g., jobs), environmental (e.g., natural disasters), or political (e.g., persecution). ~Push factors are often negative (e.g., poor economic conditions, warfare), while pull factors are often perceived as positive (e.g., a better quality of life, economic opportunities).
Apply the concepts of forced and voluntary migration to historical and contemporary examples. ~Forced migrations include those involving refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers. ~Voluntary migrations may be transnational, internal, chain, step, and rural to urban. ~Patterns of voluntary and forced migration may be affected by distance and physical features.
Analyze the cultural, economic, environmental, and political consequences of migration. ~Governments institute policies to encourage or restrict migration. ~Migration has consequences (e.g., remittances; spread of languages, religions, innovations, diseases) for areas that generate or receive migrants
Evaluate major historical migrations include forced migration of Africans to the Americas, immigration waves to the U.S., and emigration from Europe and Asia to colonies abroad.

SG 1 writing_______________

CASE STUDY______________

III. Cultural Patterns and Processes

1.Concept of culture {Oct.15 -26}

Explain the concept of culture and identify cultural traits. ~Culture is comprised of the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society. ~Cultural traits are individual elements of culture and include such things as food preferences, architecture, and land use
Explain how geographers assess the spatial and place dimensions of cultural groups in the past and present. ~Geographers use maps and the spatial perspective to analyze and assess language, religion, ethnicity, and gender.
Analysis of Language, religion, ethnicity, and gender are essential to understanding landscapes symbolic of cultural identity (e.g., signs, architecture, sacred sites). ~Cultural patterns and landscapes as they vary by place and region.
Explain the diffusion of culture and cultural traits through time and space. ~Types of diffusion include expansion (contagious, hierarchical, stimulus) and relocation ~Colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture (e.g., language, religion). ~Acculturation, assimilation, and multiculturalism are shaped by the diffusion of culture.

CASE STUDY______________

2.Folk & Pop culture {Oct.29 –Nov. 2}

Compare and contrast popular and folk culture and the geographic patterns associated with each. ~Folk culture origins are usually anonymous and rooted in tradition and are often found in rural or isolated indigenous communities. ~Popular culture origins are often urban, changeable, and influenced by media
Explain where are Folk & Pop leisure activities distributed
Describe where are Folk & Pop Material culture distributed
Analyze why access to folk & Pop culture unequal

R & D CASE STUDY Nov 5-7

Field experiences continue to be important means of gathering geographic information and data.
Use quantitative and qualitative geographic data are used in economic, environmental, political, and social decision making.
Data may be gathered in the field by organizations (e.g., census data) or by individuals (e.g., interviews, surveys, photography, informal observations)

3.Languages {Nov.12-16} & {Nov.26-30}

Explain how globalization is influencing cultural [language] interactions and change. ~Communication technologies (e.g., the Internet) are reshaping and accelerating interactions among people and places and changing cultural practices (e.g., use of English, loss of indigenous languages).
Analyze Regional patterns of language, religion, and ethnicity contribute to a sense of place, enhance place making, and shape the global cultural landscape.
Evaluate Language patterns and distributions that can be represented on maps, charts, and language trees.
Language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures, and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths, resulting in interactions between local and global forces that lead to new forms of cultural expression (e.g., lingua franca).
Official language Place names Language related conflict

R & D Nov.19-21[Finalized]

CASE STUDY ________________

4.Religions (Dec.3-21)

Explain Religious patterns and landscapes as they vary by place and region. ~Religious patterns and distributions can be represented on maps and charts.
Compare and contrast ethnic and universalizing religions and their geographic patterns. ~Ethnic religions (e.g., Hinduism, Judaism) are generally found near the hearth or spread through relocation diffusion. ~Universalizing religions (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) are spread through expansion and relocation diffusion.
Explain how religion is expressed in landscapes and how land and resource use represents cultural identity. ~Cultural landscapes are amalgamations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, and other expressions of culture (e.g., architecture).

Evaluate Interfaith & intrafaith boundaries
Islam
Hinduism Buddhism
Shintoism Taoism
Judaism
Christianity

CASE STUDY_______________

IV.Political Organization of Space {Jan.2-18}

Explain the structure of the contemporary political map. ~Independent states are the primary building blocks of the world political map. ~Types of political entities include nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistate nations, and autonomous regions
Explain the development of the contemporary political map. ~The concept of the modern nation-state began in Europe. ~Colonialism and imperialism led to the spread of nationalism and influenced contemporary political boundaries.
Evaluate the geopolitical forces that influence the contemporary political map. ~Independence movements and democratization have shaped the political map since the end of World War II. ~The fall of Communism ended the Cold War, led to the creation of newly independent states, and changed the world balance of power.
Explain the concepts of political power and territoriality. ~Political power is expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources (e.g., heartland, rimland and organic theories). ~Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land
Evaluate the nature and function of international and internal boundaries. ~Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered. ~International boundaries establish the limits of sovereignty and can be the source of disputes. ~Boundaries can influence identity and promote or prevent international or internal interactions and exchanges.
Analyze The Law of the Sea has enabled states to extend their boundaries offshore, which sometimes results in conflicts.
Analyze the influence the results of elections at various scales. ~Voting districts, ~redistricting, and gerrymandering
Compare forms of governance. ~Forms of governance include unitary states (centralized government) and federal states. ~Powers of the subdivisions of states vary according to the form of governance (e.g., the United States and Switzerland as federal states, France as a unitary state). ~State morphology (e.g., compact, elongated, perforated, fragmented, prorupted states) has economic, political, and social implications.
Describe patterns of local and metropolitan governance. ~Local and metropolitan forms of governance (e.g., municipalities, school districts, regional planning commissions) are subnational political units that have varying degrees of local control.
Explain how the political, economic, cultural, and technological elements of globalization challenge state sovereignty. ~Some forces that may lead to supranationalism include economies of scale, trade agreements, military alliances, and transnational environmental challenges. ~Supranationalism is expressed in the creation of multinational organizations (e.g., UN, NATO, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA).

Analyze forces that may lead to devolution of states include physical geography, ethnic separatism, terrorism, economic and social problems, and irredentism. ~Devolution is expressed in the fragmentation of states into autonomous regions (e.g., Nunavut, Native American reservations) ,subnational political–territorial units (e.g., Spain, Belgium, Canada), or Balkanization (e.g., former Yugoslavia, the Caucasus). ~Advances in communication technology have facilitated devolution, supranationalism, and democratization.

Analyze the spatial relationships between political systems and patterns of culture and economy. ~Political boundaries do not always coincide with patterns of language, religion, ethnicity, nationality, and economy.
Apply the concepts of centrifugal and centripetal forces at the national scale. ~Centrifugal forces can originate in political dimensions (e.g., majority/ minority relationships, armed conflicts), economic dimensions (e.g., uneven development), or cultural dimensions (e.g., stateless nations, ethnic movements). ~Centripetal forces can originate in political dimensions (e.g., national identity), economic dimensions (e.g., equitable infrastructure development), or cultural dimensions (e.g., linguistic, religious, and ethnic similarities).

SG MID writing______________

CASE STUDY _______________

V.Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use {Jan.22-Feb.8}

Identify major centers of domestication of plants and animals and patterns of diffusion in the first agricultural revolution. ~Early hearths of domestication of plants and animals include Southwest Asia (e.g., the Fertile Crescent), Southeast Asia, and the Americas. ~Patterns of diffusion (e.g., Columbian Exchange) resulted in the globalization of various plants and animals.
Explain the connection between physical geography and agricultural practices. ~Agricultural regions are influenced by the natural environment (e.g., climate, soils, landforms). ~Populations alter the landscape (e.g., terraces, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands) to increase food production
Explain the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution. ~New technology and increased food production led to better diet, longer life, and more people available for work in factories.
Analyze the consequences of the Green Revolution on food supply and the environment. ~The Green Revolution began with the development of high-yield seeds (e.g., rice, wheat, maize),resulting in the increased use of chemical and mechanized farming. ~Positive consequences of the Green Revolution include increased food production and a relative reduction in hunger at the global scale. ~Negative consequences of the Green Revolution include environmental damage resulting from irrigation and chemical use (e.g., pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers) and the cost of technology and seeds.
Identify agricultural production regions associated with major bioclimatic zones. ~Plant and animal production is dependent on climatic conditions, including spatial variations in temperature and rainfall. ~Some agricultural regions are associated with particular bioclimatic zones (e.g.,Mediterranean, shifting agriculture, pastoral nomadism).
Explain the spatial organization of large scale commercial agriculture and agribusiness. ~Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms. ~The transformation of agriculture into large-scale agribusiness has resulted in complex commodity chains linking production and consumption of agricultural products. ~Technological improvements have changed the economies of scale in the agricultural sector.

Compare and contrast the land use zones of vonThünen’s model. ~VonThünen’s model helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market. ~Analyze the application of vonThünen’s land use model to agricultural production in the real world. ~VonThünen’s model helps explain the contemporary distribution of agricultural regions (e.g.,dairy, horticulture, wheat). ~Regions of specialty farming (e.g., South Florida, California’s Central Valley) do not always conform to vonThünen’s concentric rings.
Explain issues related to the changing nature of contemporary agriculture. ~Agricultural innovations (e.g., biotechnology, genetically modified organisms, organic farming, aquaculture) have resulted in ongoing debates over environmental, cultural, and health impacts. ~Environmental issues related to agriculture include sustainability, soil degradation, reduction in biodiversity, overgrazing, river and aquifer depletion, animal wastes, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use. ~Patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by food-choice issues (e.g., organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-food movements).
Explain issues related o the location of food production facilities. ~Factors affecting the location of food-processing facilities include markets, economies of scale, transportation, government policies, etc.
Explain the changing role of women in food production and consumption. ~The role of women in food production has changed (e.g., food gathering, farming, managing agribusiness). ~The role of women has changed the types of food a family consumes and the way food is prepared.
Explain the interdependence among regions of food production and consumption. ~Food is part of a global supply chain; products from less developed low-latitude regions (e.g., coffee, bananas) are often consumed globally. ~Patterns of global food distribution are affected by political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade
Identify rural settlement patterns. ~Rural settlement patterns are classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear.
Analyze the economic forces that influence agricultural practices. ~Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices, or intensive or extensive use of land. ~Intensive farming practices include market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock systems, etc. Extensive farming practices include shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching, etc ~Evaluate the environmental consequences of agricultural practices. ~Environmental systems are affected by land use/land cover change (e.g., irrigation, desertification, deforestation, wetland destruction, conservation efforts).

CASE STUDY________________

VI.Industrialization and Economic Development {Feb.11-March 1}

Explain the role of the Industrial Revolution in the growth and diffusion of industrialization. ~Industrialization began in response to new technologies and was facilitated by the availability of natural resources (e.g., water power, coal, iron ore). ~The diffusion of industrialization led to growing populations and increased food supplies, which freed workers to seek industrial jobs in cities.
Evaluate increased industrialization led to demands for raw materials and the search for new markets and was a factor in the rise of colonialism and imperialism.
Identify the different economic sectors. ~The economy consists of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors.
Use Weber’s model to explain industrial location. ~Alfred Weber’s model of industrial location emphasized the owner’s desire to minimize transportation and labor costs and maximize agglomeration economies.
Explain social and economic measures of development. ~Measures of social and economic development include Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, sectoral structure of an economy, income distribution, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, access to health care, and literacy rates. ~Measures of gender inequality include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation.

Explain the Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation in levels of development..
Analyze spatial patterns of economic and social development. ~Models like Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein’s World System Theory help explain spatial variations in development. ~The U.N. Millennium Development Goals help measure progress in development. ~In contrast to the periphery and semi-periphery, the core countries achieved dominance through industrial production of goods.
Evaluate the role of women in economic development and gender equity in the workforce. ~Although there are more women in the workforce, they do not have equity in wages or employment opportunities. ~Microloans have provided opportunities for women to create small local businesses, which have improved standards of living.
Analyze the causes and consequences of international trade and growing interdependence in the world economy. ~Complementarity and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade. ~International trade and trading blocs (e.g., EU and NAFTA) have become more important as a result of globalization. ~Geographies of interdependence in the world economy include global financial crises, the shift in manufacturing to newly industrialized countries, imbalances in consumption patterns, and the roles of women in the labor force.
Explain how economic restructuring and deindustrialization are transforming the contemporary economic landscape. ~Outsourcing and economic restructuring have led to a decline in jobs in manufacturing regions and to the relocation of a significant segment of the workforce to other areas. ~In countries outside the core, the diffusion of industry has resulted in the emergence of the international division of labor and manufacturing zones (e.g., maquiladoras, special economic zones, free trade zones). ~The contemporary economic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of service sectors, high technology industries, and growth poles (e.g., Silicon Valley and the Research Triangle in the U.S.). ~Government initiatives at all scales may help promote economic development.
Analyze sustainability issues related to industrialization and development. ~Sustainable development addresses issues of natural resource depletion, mass consumption, the costs and effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change, as well as issues of human health, well-being, and social and economic equity. ~Ecotourism is a strategy used by some countries to help protect the environment and generate jobs.

Evaluate the Diffusion of Industrialization ~Distribution of industrial development/ Where Industries locate(Weber’s model) ~Development Patterns Dependency theory/Development gap ~International division of labor

CASE STUDY________________

VII. Cities and Urban Land Use {March 4- ___}

Explain the factors that initiate and drive urbanization and suburbanization. ~Site and situation influence the origin, function, and growth of cities.
Analyze Transportation and communication have facilitated urbanization (e.g., Borchert’s epochs of urban growth) and suburbanization. ~Improvements in agriculture and transportation, population growth, migration, economic development, and government policies influence urbanization.
Explain why World cities function at the top of the world’s urban hierarchy and drive globalization. ~Megacities are rapidly increasing in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery.
Evaluate megacities and world cities experience economic, social, political, and environmental challenges.
Apply models to explain the hierarchy and interaction patterns of urban settlements. ~Models that are useful for explaining the distribution and size of cities include the rank-size rule, the law of the primate city, and Christaller’s central place theory. ~The gravity model is useful in explaining interactions among networks of cities.
Explain the models of internal city structure and urban development. ~Classic models that are useful for explaining the internal structures of cities and urban development.
Explain the Burgess concentric-zone model
Evaluate the Hoyt sector model.
Analyze the Harris–Ullman multiple-nuclei model.
Explain how the galactic city model is useful for explaining internal structures and urban development within metropolitan areas.
Describe World-regional models (e.g., Latin America, Africa) are useful (with limitations) for explaining land use and urban development.
Analyze residential land use in terms of low-, medium-, and high-density housing. ~Residential buildings and patterns of land use reflect a city’s culture, technological capabilities, and cycles of development.
Evaluate the infrastructure of cities. ~Economic development and interconnection within a metropolitan area are dependent upon the location and quality of infrastructure (e.g., public transportation, airports, roads, communication systems, water and sewer systems).
Explain the planning and design issues and political organization of urban areas. ~Sustainable design initiatives include walkable mixed-use commercial and residential areas and smart-growth policies (e.g., new urbanism, greenbelts, slow-growth cities). ~Functional and geographic fragmentation of governments presents challenges in addressing urban issues.
Analyze the demographic composition and population characteristics of cities using quantitative and qualitative data. ~Quantitative information about a city’s population is provided by census and survey data. ~Qualitative data from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change.
Evaluate problems and solutions associated with growth and decline within urban areas. ~Economic and social problems associated with the growth and decline of urban communities include housing and insurance discrimination, housing affordability, access to food stores and public services, zones of abandonment, and gentrification.

Evaluate problems associated with urban sustainability. ~Land use and environmental problems associated with the growth and decline of urban communities include suburban sprawl, sanitation, air and water quality, remediation and redevelopment of brown fields, farmland protection, and energy use.

SG 3 writing__________________

CASE STUDY ________________

AP TEST Study Guide ________________________

AP Case Study FRQ __________________________

AP TEST PREP (April 29-May 13)

AP TEST (May 14)

CASE STUDIES/ Future Geography {May 15-31}

FINAL CASE

NHV LInks